Renal colic, the excruciating pain caused by a stone passing down the urinary tract is well known in all countries.  The pain stops when the stone is passed naturally or removed by a surgeon.  A patient may never have another attack or attacks may recur at irregular and sometimes long intervals.  Most stones remain in the kidney where they often produce no symptom and are therefore known as SILENT... 

The Adrenal Glands are composed of two distinct parts, the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.  The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation.  The adrenal cortex secretes an entirely different group of hormones called “corticosteroids”.  There are two types of corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids. Both, glucocorticoids... 

Esophagitis usually occurs in the lower esophagus as a result of irritating effect of acidic gastric reflux on the esophageal mucosa.  The common symptom is heartburn (burning epigastric substernal pain).  Other symptoms are regurgitation and dysphagia. Types of Esophagitis: Acute Esophagitis: Caused by ingestion of an irritating agent, viral inflammation, or incubation of Ryle’s tube. Chronic...