Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic (larger than normal RBC) and megaloblastic (immature, abnormal RBC progenitors in the bone marrow) anemia.  Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 (Cobalamin).  Generally, vitamin B12 deficiency occurs due to lack of Intrinsic Factor –IF.  Intrinsic Factor is a glycoprotein in the gastric juice that is necessary for the absorption of dietary... 

Cirrhosis is the final stage of liver injury and degeneration.  It occurs in 15 % of heavy drinkers.  Other causes of liver cirrhosis are drug or chemical poisoning, hepatitis B virus, cystic fibrosis, etc.  Cirrhosis is characterized by liver necrosis meaning the normal liver tissue is gradually destroyed and replaced by inactive fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue). NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT: Energy... 

Food that we eat is classified as follows on the basis of its cariogenicity activity: Cariogenic foods: These are foods that contain fermentable carbohydrates, which in contact with micro-organisms in the mouth can cause a drop in salivary pH to 5.5 or less and stimulate caries process.  Examples are foods rich in simple carbohydrates. NOTE:  When the pH of saliva falls below 5.5 dental caries occur... 

Ulnar polydactyl (left) and radial polydactyl (right). Do you know that famous Bollywood superstar Hritik Roshan has six fingers in one of his hand? Polydactyl is the terminology used to describe extra fingers and/or toes in human or animals. This is a fairly common condition and often runs in families. The extra finger may be located on the thumb side of the hand (radial), the small finger side of...