No more late night snacks: Loosing belly fat implies a very strict diet. Late night snacks aren’t in a lose weight diet for sure. If you are having late night snacks stop it! It is not good for your health and look. After you go to sleep there isn’t much activity in your body, so the sugar in your blood will start rising with no energy being consumed. It will all end up on your belly.

No more alcohol: If you are a drinker try to decrease alcohol consumption. Alcohol helps belly fat gain, especially beer. One ml of alcohol contains 7 calories which are completely useless to human body because alcohol does not contain nutrients at all. The entire number of calories in alcohol will be stored as fat. Try not to drink alcohol every day and when you do limit yourself to one glass of wine or one beer.

Good carbohydrates: Consumption of carbohydrates is essential but there care good carbohydrates and bad carbohydrates. To get to the point, if you want to lose belly fat you should stay away of white bread, pasta, donuts, cakes, biscuits, to be more exact refined flours which leads to accumulation of fat. The good guys are fruits, vegetables, brown rice, oats and sweet potatoes. You should try to consume only slow release carbohydrates. In stead of white bread eat granary. You shouldn’t consume too many carbohydrates as once because your body does not need metabolize all of them. What isn’t consumed will turn into fat.

Exercise for belly fat loss: This is probably the most important part of your belly fat loss mission. You need to exercise. There is no other way to do it. You need to exercise and you need to do it everyday. Go to a gym, get a personal trainer or learn it yourself, talk to other people that exercise.

There are many types of exercises that will help you lose belly fat. Make sure to try all of them and combine them until you find what is best for you. Be advised that there are no special exercises for losing belly fat. When you are losing fat you are losing it from all parts of your body not only your belly. There are specific exercises for getting the six pack, but that is after you got rid of the belly fat.

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If you want a long lasting solution that will actually help you to lose belly fat, you need to understand how human body works, how fat is gained and how fat is lost. The most important rule for losing fat is regular exercise. Even if you managed to lose belly fat after a program, if you don’t exercise regularly you will start gaining fat again and your belly will be the first part of your body that will show it. The good part is that it’s also the first part you are going to lose fat too when you start exercising. So, the conclusion is that there are no special “lose belly fat exercises”, just healthy regular exercises.

A good idea is to start a diet along with your exercises. Diets play a very important role in gaining or losing weight in general and belly fat in particular. Exercises only will get you a decent result but the combination of a good died and a good exercising program will give you the full effect and you will be losing belly fat faster. Now, the important word you need to use to is “calories”. To say it simple, you need to burn more calories than you eat, meaning that you will start to burn calories stored in fat. You need to adjust you diet so that the number of calories you eat will be lower than the number of calories you lose during exercises.

Losing belly fat isn’t as hard as you may think. All you have to do is find a fitness program that is fun or maybe a diet that you like so you will enjoy losing weight. This will help you a lot because it will keep you focused on your goal and will give you strength to continue de program you started.

My first advice to you is to be patient. You can’t lose belly fat fast. You need time and hard work. Most people expect to see immediate results therefore they end up stopping halfway trough. So take a steady approach, losing weight isn’t easy and it requires month of exercises. You could start measuring you progress each week and you will be less likely to fail.

Bellow you can find a few tips that will help you achieve your goal and lose belly fat:

• Do a lot of cardiovascular exercises. Do physical exercises on a regular basis. You don’t need to get into a strenuous exercises program; you need to speed up your heart beats so you will start burning fat. You will start losing belly fat but also fat from all areas of your body
• Do abdominal exercises. This type of workout will tighten your abs so you will have a flat midsection and can help you get a six pack after you lose belly fat.
• Do not eat late at night. After you go to sleep the food in your stomach isn’t digested anymore and will be converted and stored as fat. It is a good thing to have your good almost digested when you are going to bed.
• Last tip is to stay focused on your goal and be patient. If you work hard and follow the guidelines you will be successful.

As you can see there is no secret in how to use belly fat. Just do physical exercises daily and eat less or eat low calories food.

Follow these guidelines and you will be losing that belly fat!

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CHEMISTRY OF RENAL CALCULI:
Renal calculi are composed of different types of crystals; however, mostly renal stones are composed of Calcium Oxalate, Calcium Phosphate, Uric acid, Cystine, and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate crystals.

TYPES OF STONES:

1)  CALCIUM STONES:  Most of the stones are generally composed  of Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate crystals, but Calcium Oxalate stones are more common than Calcium Phosphate stones.  The factors that promote the precipitation of Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate crystals in the urine are as follows:

• Hypercalciuria:  Hypercalciuria is defied as a daily urinary excretion of calcium above 300 mg in men and 250 mg in women.  Hypercalciuria is further classified as Idiopathic and Secondary Hypercalciuria.  In Idiopathic hypercalciuria, due to unknown reason there is increased intestinal absorption of calcium also there is decreased renal calcium reabsorption and there is increased bone resorption.  Hyperparathyroidism, Sarcoidosis, excessive production of vitamin D, immobilization, medullary sponge kidneys, and excessive consumption of Calcium are some of the factors that are responsible for Secondary Hypercalciuria.  Hypercalciuria is associated with an increased incidence of stone formation.
• Hyperoxaluria:  Refers to excess of Oxalate in urine.  The greater part of the oxalate excreted in the urine is of endogenous origin and often comes from tissue metabolism of Glycine.  Excessive intake of Vitamin C also causes hyperoxaluria.  The commonest cause of hyperoxaluria is gastrointestinal malabsorption of dietary oxalates.  Fatty acid malabsorption leads to calcium binding in the gut to produce calcium soaps of the fatty acids.  This leaves the oxalate free and unbound to be absorbed.  Enteric hyperoxaluria is exaggerated by a diet low in calcium.
• Absence of stone forming inhibitors in urine:  Substances which inhibit crystal growth are also present in urine.  These include citrate, pyrophosphate, nephrocalin, and glycosaminoglycans.  Absence of these inhibitors promotes stone formation.

2)  URIC ACID STONES: About a quarter of patients with uric acid stones have hyperuricosuria with or without hyperuricemia & in most cases excessive dietary intake of  Purine rich foods like liver , kidney sardines , brains etc causes hyperuricosuria . Uric acid is end product of Purine metabolism. Increased level of uric acid in urine causes decrease in pH of urine as a result urine becomes more acidic resulting in uric acid precipitation. Uric acid stones are also associated with acid/base metabolism disorders where the urine is excessively acidic.

3)  CYSTINE STONES: Cystinuria is due to an inborn error of metabolism.  The renal tubules fail to reabsorb the amino acids Cystine, Lysine, Arginine, and Ornithine.  These pass in large amounts in urine where Cystine the least soluble amino acid tends to precipitate out and form stones.

4) STRUVITE STONES (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate):  Also known as infectious stones and triple phosphate stones are formed due to bacteria Proteus mirabilis (but also Klebsiella, Serratia, and Providencia species) which split urea to ammonia with the help of urease as a result of which urine pH becomes alkaline leading to stone formation.

5)  XANTHINE STONES: Are composed of Xanthine.  These stones are extremely uncommon and usually occur as a result of a rare genetic disorder.

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT:

Depends upon the type of stone and conditions that are responsible for stone formation.

1)    Calcium Oxalate Stones: Particular emphasis should be directed at the calcium and oxalate content of the diet as an excess of both these nutrients has been associated with the formation of stones.  If the stones formation is due to hypercalciuria, then a diet low in calcium should be taken.  Also, a high fiber diet should be encouraged to reduce calcium absorption.  Antacids containing calcium should be avoided.  Protein and sodium intake should not be in excess as both increases urinary excretion of calcium.

If the stone formation is due to hyperoxaluria, then a diet high in calcium should be encouraged as calcium will form insoluble complexes with oxalic acid in gut and it will be excreted out of the body in the stools.  Also, foods rich in Oxalic acid should be avoided.

• Oxalic acid content of some foods:
• Cereal – Bajra -21mgs/100 gms
• Pulse – Horse Gram – 417mgs/100 gms
• Leafy Vegetables
  • Amaranth -772 mgs / 100 gms
  • Spinach – 658 mgs/100 gms
  • Rhubarb –is also rich source of Oxalic acid
• Other Vegetables – Drumsticks -101mgs /100 gms
• Nuts – Almond – 407 mgs / 100 gms
• Fruits – Amla – 296 mgs /100 gms

Excessive intake of Vitamin C should be avoided as Vitamin C is metabolized and oxalic acid is formed.  Fat malabsorption should be treated in order to prevent formation fatty acid and calcium soaps in intestine.  Excessive intake of proteins and sodium should be prevented as both increases urinary excretion of calcium and in turn promotes calcium binding with oxalic acid in urine. The intake of water should be increased around 3000 ml of fluid should be taken daily. Stone inhibitors like citrates should be taken to prevent stone formation in urine.

2)    Uric Acid Stones: Excessive intake of purine-rich foods like liver, brain, sardine, etc. should be avoided.  Also, water consumption should be increased and alcohol intake restricted.  Generally, an ALKALINE ASH DIET is recommended since it will help in reducing the acidity of urine by increasing the pH of urine.

An Alkaline Ash Diet consists mainly of fruits, vegetables, and milk with little meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and cereals that when catabolized leaves an alkaline residue to be excreted by urine.  Alkaline Ash diet includes mostly all vegetables.  Among fruits lemon, lime, watermelon, grape fruit, tomato, Avocado, etc.

3)    Struvite Stones: In case of struvite stones, water should be taken in excess.  Also, antibacterial medicines should be taken to destroy bacteria in urine and an ACID ASH DIET is recommended.

An Acid Ash Diet is a diet which mainly comprises of meat, fish, eggs, cereals, and consist of no or minimal amounts of fruits, vegetables, and milk.  It gives acid residue to be excreted in urine when catabolized in the body.  Acid Ash diet will make the urine acidic and there by prevents stones formation.

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Do you know that famous Bollywood superstar Hritik Roshan has six fingers in one of his hand? Polydactyl is the terminology used to describe extra fingers and/or toes in human or animals. This is a fairly common condition and often runs in families. The extra finger may be located on the thumb side of the hand (radial), the small finger side of the hand (ulnar), or in the middle of the hand (central).

The extra fingers are usually smaller and abnormally developed. The extra finger can be comprised of skin and soft tissue connected to the hand by skin or can be a more fully formed finger with skeletal (bone) connections to the rest of the hand.

Etiology of polydactyl
During normal embryonic development, the hand initially forms in the shape of a paddle and then eventually splits into separate fingers. Polydactyl results when there is an error in this process and an extra finger forms after a single finger splits in two.

Research continues into further understanding why this happens. Many cases seem to occur without an apparent cause, while some may occur due to a genetic (inherited) defect. Polydactyl may also occur as a part of an underlying hereditary syndrome.

Treatment of polydactyl
Treatment of polydactyl can range from a simple day surgical procedure to remove the extra finger to a more complex procedure involving bone, ligament, and tendon.

While the treatment of polydactyl usually involves one surgical procedure, if your child undergoes a more invasive surgical procedure, an above-elbow cast may be necessary for three weeks and occupational therapy may be required to help manage scarring, stiffness, and swelling.

Follow-up visits may also be needed to ensure that healing has gone well and function has returned. In some cases, follow-up will continue for years to evaluate whether additional surgery is required to improve the function or appearance of the hand as your child grows.

Photograph of Runa who has seven toes
Generally, it has been seen that humans have only one extra finger or toe, it is very rare to have two extra fingers or toes. In other words, it is hard to find a person with seven fingers or toes, but 25 years old Runa Yu-Mei has seven toes in her left foot. Although, the seven toes makes her foot look very odd and creates problems while buying a foot wear, still these 2 extra toes have made Runa Yu-Mei celebrity in Vietnam and Singapore.

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